Globalization Globalisation Of Capital Punishment

Globalization portfolio Globalization of Capital punishment History of Capital Punishment Capital punishment, death penalty or execution is punishment by death. The sentence that someone be punished in this manner is the death sentence. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. Capital punishment has in the past been practiced by most societies as a punishment for criminals and political or religious dissidents. Historically the carrying out of the death sentence was often accompanied by torture and executions were most often public. 36 countries actively practice capital punishment, 103 countries have competently abolished it for all crimes, 6 have abolished it for ordinary crimes only while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes and 50 have abolished it and not used it in ten years. Nearly all countries in the world prohibit the execution of individuals who were under the age of eighteen at the time of their crimes, since 2009 only Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan have carried out such executions, Executions of this kind is prohibited under international law. Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in various states and countries, and positions can vary within a single politicians ideology or cultural region. As far back as the ancient laws of China, the death penalty has been established as a punishment for crimes. In the 18th century BC, the code of King Hammurabi of BabylonShow MoreRelatedCultural and Economic Globalization1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe important texts in every different time period arose from different composer’s ways of thinking and pose a lasting significance on society. 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Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment Free Essays

string(51) " the Earth is affecting by the green house effect\." The place that our expedition is going to take is in the region of Norway called Svalbard. To get there we have to take a boat from Norway port and bring our equipments ready for the cold environment. The average temperature is around 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and -12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in winter. We will write a custom essay sample on Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Equipments I need to bring on the expedition are: A parka is essential in cold weather. It insulates the heat even at a -47 degree Celsius. It is waterproof so the melted snow couldn’t get in to your body. Insulator trousers are used to keep our legs warm. It is water proof with fleece lining to keep the heat in because the temperature is really low there. Fleece jumper is essential in this harsh weather condition. It keeps our body temperature in which is great. A woolly jumper is also good to keep heat in. I use this jumper as a spare in case the fleece gets dirty. A long sleeve shirt is to be worn before the jumper to keep me extra warm. Tracksuit bottoms with fleece lining are ideal to put on first before the thermal trousers. It will keep me extra warm. These are essential accessories for parts of our body like hands, neck and head. This faux fur hat keeps most of my body temperature in because the heat is loss through our head. Earmuffs are good to keep my ears warm; scarf is great to prevent coldness to enter my body. Waterproof gloves are used to keep my hands warm and prevent melted ice to get through the material. Thermal socks are there to keep my feet warm and these water proof boots are useful to walk through snow and uneven land. They have thick rubber soles to prevent slipping and provide good friction. Map and compasses are the must have. They will help me to find my way back if I get lost. Water is good because it stop me from being dehydrated. Dry food is ideal in this weather as it is easy to cook and quick. Swiss knives are useful because you never know when you need it. I will need it to open a can or defend myself when I get attacked by a bear. Task 2: Glacier retreat project A: Find maps and photographs of Glaciers on Spitsbergen 1: Label the features you can see 2: How did glacier form and move? 1. Snow is collected over millions of years. The snow flake compressed and fused together, squeezing air and moistures out to create one solid ice block. With the pressure of more snow the firn will eventually over years become glacier ice. 2. Glacier is like a mighty river of ice. It is capable of doing what a river can do such as flow and change in flow rate. In ice, the flow rate is faster in the centre than at the edges and quicker on the surface than at the bottom because the gravity pulls the weigh there greater. That is why some glacier surge forwards than the other. 3. When ice moves it picks up rocks on the way therefore the rock make good cutting tools such as erosion. Erosion by plucking and abrasion make the hollow deeper and bigger. * Plucking is when rocks and stones froze to the bottom of the glacier and being plucked up by the movements of the glacier. * Abrasion happens when the materials rubbed against the bedrock at the bottom and sides of the glacier. They were being pulled down by gravity. This also causes wearing to the landscape. Fine grained debris polishes the bedrock called glacial polish. 4. Some of this debris is deposited at the edge of the corrie, as a moraine, building up the lip. This combined process creates a rounded shape, with a steep back wall, and an armchair shape characteristic of a corrie. 5. When the ice melts, a lake is left in the corrie. This is called a tarn. 3: Why do you think that many people might find them both interesting and enjoyable to look at? I think people find it interesting to look at the glacier because they can find answers to their wonders of how landscape form. It is amazing to see the nature is so powerful which can move and change the land. They can also do some sporting activities such as camping and sledge riding. Furthermore they can compare the difference between places which are affected by glacier retreated and see how much ice have melted. They might find it interesting because they can see how the climate is changing and some responsibilities are down to human. B: Look at the map on page 11 and other evidence that shows how glaciers have retreated on Spitsbergen 1: Using the picture above, the time scale that retreating of glacier has been measured is 103 years. Since 1900 and up until 2003, the resources tell me that the glacier has moved 3 miles from 1983 to 2003. I measure the scale and worked out that 3mile is equivalent to 1 cm. Therefore I can say that from 1900 to 2003, the glacier has moved 16 miles and in the present time, there is a great possibility of it moving further than 16 miles. 2: The ice moves at the rate of 241 metres every year from 1983 to 2003. The map shows the glacier melted the most in 1983 to 2003, the gap between 1900 to 1916 is smaller therefore I can say that less ice receded then. The amount of precipitation on this island is very little; causing ice on Svalbard accumulates snow very slowly. This affects the way the ice movements. 3: The evidence of glacier retreating appears to match with the theory of global warming because the ice is melting very fast as the year goes on. It is because the Earth is affecting by the green house effect. You read "Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment" in category "Papers" This means that heat and CO2 gas are being trapped in the atmosphere instead of leaving the Earth. They insulate the heat which causing ice to melt. The pollution is increasing which makes the ice melt faster as well. The â€Å"albedo effect† has an important role in climate change. It is used to describe what material can reflect sunlight. The higher the albedo the greater it can reflects the sunlight. The higher the Earth’s albedo, the more solar radiation will reflect and the Earth will heat up less. White is a good colour which doesn’t absorb the heat. If the ice melts, there will be more heat being trapped and will lead to more global warming because dark colour material t ends to absorb heat than the lighter colour. 4: What the likely effects on melting glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands? Think about salinity, exposure to erosion and changes in the land/sea level. Salinity: amount of salt dissolved in water. Melting glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands effects on a lot of things such as the Thermohaline, living things like polar bear and climate not only on the island but also UK and other countries. Ocean water never rest which means it moves constantly. The complicated patterns are influence by wind, the water’s salinity and heat content, bottom of the ocean’s structure and the Earth’s rotation. One of the biggest oceans current is the Gulf Stream. It transports 150 millions cubic metres per second of warm water from the Gulf of North Mexico across the Atlantic to Svalbard. On the way it mixes with water from other current, exchanging qualities of salinity, temperature, plants and animal. When warm Gulf Stream collides with the cold Atlantic current, it causes the seawater to become extremely dense. It is because warm water has higher mass due to the heat and salty water is heavier than fresh water. The warm water sinks and exporting towards south but some will continue towards Svalbard. When it reaches South Atlantic, it moves east to join the current flows to Indian Ocean and the rest move to Pacific Ocean. There it will heat up and repeat the same cycle. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more, there will be an increase in sea level as well as more fresh water will be added in to the ocean. This fresh water will move down south and affect the Gulf Stream because it will get colder and less salty; this also upset the process of Thermohaline. If the Gulf Stream slow down or shut down completely the climate in Britain would be colder. It would be like Moscow which is on the same latitude. This is called Rapid Climate Change. Britain is warmer than Moscow due to the warm current. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more polar bear will have no where to live and reproduce because these bears rely on ice. They can not swim well enough to catch seals or fish. It will results in shortage of food and could lead to distinction. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more the land will expose more because the glacier would disappear. This will have an impact on people and tourism on this island. The unique site and land on this island will change dramatically. C. Read the Glacial meltdown information sheet. 1: The problem in suggest the reason why the glacier melts because of global warming is that it is not the only reason why. They blame it on human because we consume a lot of fossil fuel can produce toxic gas that harms the environment. Yes they are right partly, but even before we begin to us fossil foil, glacier already started to retreat. This is normal for them. They have different opinions and views but they need to know both side of the evidence. Furthermore, global warming doesn’t occur in a short amount of time. It is measured over a long period and find out the changes in pattern of the temperature, ocean life, etc†¦ 2: It is important to know who produce and interpret the evidence of global warming because they could be bias and have different views of the global warming. Some time they can exaggerate. It is good to know all the evidence that global warming caused by human and nature. This statement from Greenpeace is saying that the cause of global warming that makes ice melt is due to human activity such as burning fossil fuels in cars, aeroplane, bus, etc†¦They exaggerated it even though parts of it is down to human activity. The climate change is measured over many years, decades even centuries. Climate change doesn’t happen that quickly. This evidence suggests that one of the reasons why glacier retreated faster is because some ice surges forward than the other. This is normal and is due to nature and not human activities. Task 3: Climate change and effects on the food chain A: Find out about phytoplankton that grows in Arctic waters. Phytoplankton – Microscopic plants and plant-like organisms found in massive quantities in the sea. They are known as ‘the ocean’s grass’. Algae bloom – A plankton bloom also known as algal bloom, is simply an area where phytoplankton (algae) reproduce very fast that you may find many thousand plant cells per litre of water. The chlorophyll in these plants colour the water green. Zooplankton – Microscopic animals and animal-like organisms found in the sea. 1: Just like any normal plant, phytoplankton needs light, warmth, nutrients, carbon dioxide and water in order to grow and reproduce. The condition and environment around it has to achieve some of the requirements for algae to grow. 2: The Ocean’s bottom contains decaying plants and animals which carry nutrients; they are being brought to the surface by currents. Algae bloom occurs when the Sun comes out like in spring because plants need sunlight to develop healthily and gives it the colour green. The phytoplanktons also use the nutrients to produce; this leads to algae bloom as well as the bloom of zooplankton because they have more food to eat. The light and warmth control the multiplication of algae. In winter it is harder for this specie to grow. 3: The growth of phytoplankton is very important to the Arctic food chain because they are the producer. They are food to zooplanktons which they are eaten by fish. Small fishes like Arctic cod are eaten by other predators such as polar bears, whales, seabirds and other fish. If there are less of them then the population of other consumers and predator can decreased. B: Look at page 12 in the High Arctic book. Look at the maps and other information about the growing conditions for plants on land in the Svalbard Islands and the Arctic in general. CAFF stands for The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. 1:  Land surface: the Arctic tundra made of flat and low land surface. The further north you go the higher the land due to some mountains. The further up north, the land is usually covers in snow and only a few plants can survive, like in Spitsbergen. Plants on land only cover just over 5% of the surface and home to 165 species of plants on Svalbard. Low land and mountain tundra’s vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra. The ecological boundary region between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line. There are likely no trees and no bushes. Taiga is described to be home to many living organism. Boreal forest refers to the southern part of this biomass. Northern taiga has small-leaves trees like birch, alder, willow and aspen. Nearly all the trees in this kind of forest are fir trees. They grow for just a few weeks and have tough leaves to survive frost, wind and snow. Whereas in southern also known as middle boreal. Trees grow bigger and home to many animals like red squirrel. The further south you go the more trees will grow and more living things are able to survive. Soil: mountain tundra has permanent frozen soil. But judging in the pictures the soil is quite fertile as there are living things growing on it. Snow buttercups, lichens etc†¦ are able to grow and reproduce on this soil. It is moist from the melted snow. Plants can not grow on the glacier because it is too cold to it to survive. Temperature: plants on Spitsbergen can grow at temperature as low as -5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Plants like dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens can survive at this temperature. The temperature increases as you go further south because it is nearer to the sun. the temperature raises after the snow melts so the plants can start growing. Precipitation: the mountain tundra gets less rain than the other part of this Arctic because it is colder and dryer. Places like the taiga have more precipitation because the trees need rain in order to grow big. There are more moisture in the air there than the area around glacier. Growing season: The map shows the length of time that plants need to grow. So in spring, the mountain tundra will have 80 days to grow. These plants are short whereas the middle boreal will have 160 days of growing season because the plants are tall and have loads of leaves. The further south you go the longer the growing season. Colourful wildflowers bloom from the end of June to the end of July. They have to adapt to this every short season. 2. Describe the main characteristics of plants that are found on the land. It is hard for plants to grow in the Arctic. Once the snow melts, the growing season is going to be short. Despite getting the most sunshine in summer, but the harsh weather condition have made the plants adapted to their environment such as Arctic tundra. They have distinctive characteristics such as being small, grow close together and close to the ground. This protects them from the cold temperatures and the strong winds. Some flowering plants covered in fine hair like the Arctic crocus to provide protection from the wind. Flowering plants use all the sunlight they can to produce flowers at very fast speed because they knew growing season is very short. Some plants have cup shaped flowers that face up to the sun, so they can get the sunlight shines directly at the centre of the flower that’s why they are so bright. However, other plants have dark colour because they can absorb more heat. Some plants have small roots because only the top layer of the soil thaw and they have small leaves to retain moisture. Because of the short growing season, most tundra plants are perennials and they do not die in the winter. Other living organisms like lichens and mosses can survive on bare rock. They are very short. 3: Plants can be said to be part of a â€Å"fragile† environment is because they can be easily damaged. For example, tracks from a passing vehicle will tear up the fragile insulating tundra, allowing the soil to thaw into scars that may remain for hundreds of years therefore the surface layer is vulnerable to environmental damage. There are also other factors that could stop plants from growing such as colder temperature and shorter growing season. Plants there have already adapted to that low temperature, if it gets any lower there is a likely chance they will not survive. Furthermore, if the sun is not giving them enough sunlight, they wouldn’t be able to grow healthily. C: Look at the Arctic food chain on page 13 in the High Arctic book. 1: The Arctic food chain consists of many animals, sea animals, land and sky. The most important producers start in the sea like the phytoplankton. They are food to the zooplankton and from that fishes consume them. Fishes are important because many animals rely and live on them such as seals, killer whales, birds, polar bear etc†¦ Birds like the kittiwake fed on fishes and they are food to Arctic foxes. If it wasn’t for the sea animals, the land animals wouldn’t be able to survive because they have nothing to eat. The sea environment keeps the food chain balance by providing the right amount food at the right time. Like when a female polar bear gave birth to her cub in December, the algae would bloom after December and make food for the polar bear. Numbers of birds are more than number of fishes. If the fishes do not multiply then it could cause a fall in number of animals. Numbers of whales are shortening due to whale hunting by human and animals. The food chain has interlinking which means a specie consumes more than one type of food. This increases the chance of getting something to eat than some other living organisms. 2: If the ice melts, the number of seals will decrease because they will have no where to mate and rest which will lead to the falling in polar bear’s population. However, the number of fishes will increase and population of birds and foxes. It is because they will have fewer predators and more food to eat. Killer whales will be relying on squids and other fishes instead having them as well as seals. Their population will decrease but not greatly. In the future, seals might be hunted for their skin or their fat or it could be the melting of ice which will leave them homeless. 4: After the coal mining industry closed in the 1980s the future of Longyearbyen, a city in Svalbard seems to have no hope. The economy went down hill because there was not enough income and the population was decreasing. The Norwegian government decided that it would create new business opportunities on Svalbard. One of the main activities to be developed was tourism. Svalbard is a very beautiful wilderness, with many rare living organisms, and it’s also a part of the Arctic that is easily accessible by plane. Because of the Gulf Stream, the temperature is not as cold compared to other places on the same Northern latitude. Longyearbyen received 25,000 tourists every year and they arrive by plane and another 25,000 visit on a cruise ship. They bring a lot of income to the town by using the facilities such as hotels, going on excursions, buying souvenirs, etc†¦. It’s important that the government carefully manage the wilderness so that tourists can still enjoy coming here in the future because the view and places here are exclusive to Svalbard. It is advised not to use modern transport to go around on this island. Tourists can take the aeroplane or cruise ships but if they want to explore this land more it is best to only go with dogs, or on foot, or by skiing. One of the reasons they believe using those environmental friendly transport is because tourist come here from big city to find peace and quite. Silence is a valuable commodity today. If they raced around on snowmobiles, then people wouldn’t want to come as much. In addition, motorised vehicles cause damage to the environment. They produce more C02 and destroy landscape. The Government of Norway has set a goal of trying to make Svalbard one of the best managed wildernesses in the world. To achieve this they have put a lot of regulations into force, including the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act. The purpose of this Act is to preserve a virtually untouched environment in Svalbard. Littering is forbidden, you can not pick a flower or even move a stone on the beach. How to cite Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment, Papers

Reliability of 26 item Self Compassion Scale †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability of 26 item Self-Compassion Scale. Answer: Introduction The 26 item Self-Compassionate scale is psychological tool for assessing and measuring compassion. It focusses on psychometric properties of the responded where the individual responds to asset of 26n questions that are answered based on a scale of 1-5. Compassion is an element that is measured about an individuals reaction to others(Baer, Lykins, Peters, 2002). This means being open to and moved by others suffering and the desire to ease this suffering. This is mostly used in clinical settings where health practitioners are supposed to have a level of compassion to patients that they serve (Neff, 2003). This will entail three basic components; extended kindness to others, seeing others experiences as part of the larger human experience and lastly balancing the other persons pain rather than over-identifying with the pain that they experience. Self-Compassion is said to transform negative self-affect into a positive self-affect with psychological benefits associated with high self-e steem. Studies on the Self-Compassion scale have elicited different reactions on whether the components on the scale are A valid or not. However, the 26-item compassionate scale is a guide which has been used by many practitioners to design a scale that can be used to measure compassion(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). This has led to the question of whether the scale meets all the required measures or needs to be reviewed. This report is a critical review of the Self-Compassionate scale based on previous studies on the tool. This has raised several issues on the A validity of the scale. Validity and reliability Self-Compassion is a construct drawn from the Buddhist tradition, describing. Compassion for oneself. As compassion is characterized by understanding, acceptance, and forgiveness extended to others (McKay Fanning, 1992), Self-Compassion entails the same attributes of compassion turned inward(NEFF, 2003). According to Garcia-Campayo, et al. (2014) the Self-Compassion Scale is the only tool that is used to measure and self-report Self-Compassion. This scale focuses on the mindfulness of the practitioner through exercising a quality of consciousness that is non-judgmental and present centered. Self-Compassion as encompassing self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness in opposition to self-judgment isolation, and over-identification(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). As such, the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) contains all of these aspects as separate yet related subscales. While most individuals may relate to the notion of compassion and empathy towards others, affording the same kind of t reatment towards oneself may be more novel. The construct of Self-Compassion regarding individual, relational, and physiological functioning is an exciting development in psychology. The tool is supposed to be designed across three different and related facets of mindfulness, common humanity and self-kindness. Further, there are six sub-scales that represent negative and positive facets for each scale that is measured in the three above. This means that the measures are based on the perceived responses towards themselves about the situations that others are in. Self-Compassion scales are designed differently in different countries. The SCS measure of compassion is A valid since is tis designed based on the confirmatory factor analyses to ensure that the scale items fit the models that are used for the study. The six factors listed above can be used in understanding the subscales within the study. When the factors in the scales are correlated with research findings, it has been reported that the factors can be interpreted and controlled according to the needs of the researcher(Gadermann, Schonert-Reichl, Zumbo, 2009). Internal validity and reliability of the SCS scale has been highly reported in several studies that have been tested by researchers. There are high correlation results between different studies that have varied out in separate studies. One of the measures that has been seen to be consistent is the difference in compassion levels among different groups in the population. Research and SCS studies have indicated that undergraduate and community adults have lower SCS scores as compared to those who pr actice Buddhism(Neff Germer, 2013). Further, convergent A validity in different measures that have been carried out based on therapist rating of Self-Compassion individuals who were using a single item had and the results that were displayed after being introduced to the new tools. A valid interpretation of the SCS scores has been highly debated on whether the measures can be validly interpreted. Through the bi-factor model, the individual factors that form the group factors can be modeled for a better understanding of the results. The association of overall factors of Self-Compassion allow for essay measurement of the factors through using the omega index to estimate the percentages of variance in the items. Thus A validity of the measures is achieved through optimal model, estimates that result from omega factor analysis(Reise, Bonifary, Haviland, 2013) The factor structure of the Self-Compassionate Scale has been designed in such a way that both negative and positive factors of the scale can be included. The dynamic balance between compassionate versus uncompassionate ways that individuals emotionally respond to pain and failure (with kindness or judgment), cognitively understand their predicament (as part of the human experience or as isolating), and pay attention to suffering (in a mindful or over-identified manner). The Self-Compassionate scale is based on generalized factors that are used across different populations. Different studies on the factors have yielded mixed results in higher-order factors of the scale. Studies in Chinese and Portuguese clinical students showed different results as compared to those from Germany and Italy. Researchers have questioned the ability of such findings to be generalized across different populations. This is because there are cultural factors that may shape reactions and compassion levels of the student. This led some researcher concluding that the Self-Compassion scale works better in measuring six components of Self-Compassion rather than measuring the real construct of Self-Compassion(Nef, 2015). This means that there are challenges in getting an overall Self-Compassion score and interpreting its validity. Approaches like the psychometric approach model, were designed to assess the multidisciplinary nature of psychological measures. These measures have re vealed that when the SCS is used with the bi-factor model,, the individual responses are impacted thus giving different scores. Studies on compassion using the SCS scale have revealed that compassion can be described in several ways. The six elements used in measuring compassion reveal that compassion is a complex construct that includes other elements like emotion, perceptiveness, sensitivity to suffering, understanding, distress tolerance and nonjudgmental attitudes(Strauss, et al., 2016). This therefore reveals that compassion is both trait and state like and thus can be measured a cross a continuum of tests using SCS. Through assigning questionnaires on an ordinal scale, compassion can be measured using a set of questions that evaluate the responses of the reader according to questions that are organization along the three psychological components. Researchers can analyses and measure compassion levels in individuals without and analyze it statistically using available tools for the research. Gilbert (2004) suggests that oone of the strengths of the SCS tool is its ability to compliment other psychological measures in research. The tool has been applied together with other psychometric tools that have been used to measure different aspects of life. Measures like self-esteem, understanding, kindness and other virtues have been measured using different scales. SCS allows researchers to carry out research and compare results from different studies. Since the measures allow for gathering of quantitative data, it becomes easy for the data gathered from different studies to be correlated and compared to determine the A validity of the data. One of the measures of validity in research is the ability of a research to be consistent with previous studies. Some studies have shown different confirmatory factor analysis results have revealed different findings. One study by Garcia-Campayo , Navarro-Gil M, Montero-Marin J, Demarzo (2014) reported higher confirmatory in students while the other by Petrocchi, Ottaviani, Couyoumdjian, (2013) replicated the six factor structure but failed to report evidence on higher-order factor among community samples. These studies suggest that it is difficult to sum the six factors together into an overall Self-Compassion score. This tests reveal convergent validity which gives results that relate to measures of self-esteem and rumination. This has also been reported in different reports of compassion that have been seen among different social groups like Buddhists who report higher compassion rates based on demographic differences. Further, arguments against the test have suggested that the psychometric properties of the tool were designed using measures that are fit for college students. This means that applying the test to different populations may not yield accurate results (Voruz, 2013). There are different factors like age, gender and even demographic characteristics that may affect the reliability of data. This social factors affect the nature of responses received thus making reliability of the data used in the scale less reliable. Any scale of measurement should have a way to avoid biases that may affect reliability of the data collected from the study. Since the SCS tool is designed as a single tool to be used in the profession, reliability id highly compromised. Further,, each of the positive and negative factors formulated in the scale lead to separate factors that are different from each other rather than one common factor. One of the limitations of using the tool is its lack of the primary definition of compassion. Primary levels of compassion are not measured under the normal measures of compassion thus not taking care of all the factors of compassion (Brown, 2006). At the individual level, compassion measures may reveal different results since they are not in certain situations. Therefore, the results in a clinical setting should be treated as a validly true since the levels that individuals score will vary from one way to another. Further, human being have social bonds that affect their compassion levels. This means that measures that are taken will vary depending on the individual setting(Crawford, Brown, Kvangarsnes, Gilbert, 2014). In the presence of a family member or friend, the levels of compassion may be higher as compared to the case of professional settings. There is need to find a common ground on how both settings can be integrated to improve measures of A validity. Conclusion The psychometric abilities of the scale have been highly criticized due to the use of the overall Self-Compassion score. Scholars have indicated that the scale cannot be A validly used to measure and arrive on a Self-Compassion score using different factors. This is but there are six elements that fall within the each of the three levels of measurement. The questions used for the scores have been weighted differently leading to the question of whether the overall score that is given by the results reveals the required information(Gadermann, Guhn, Zumbo, 2010). When the questions are weighted differently on different elements of the scale then it becomes challenging to measure the effects of each question on the overall score. Further, the elements are only three but compassion is affected by other factors which have not been accommodated in the scale. This leaves gaps in the overall score since the factors do not give the differences in the scores. References Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., Peters, J. R. (2002). Mindfulness and Self-Compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched non-meditators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 230238. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press. Costa, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2013). Experiential avoidance and Self-Compassion in chronic pain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 15781591. Crawford, P., Brown, B., Kvangarsnes, M., Gilbert, P. (2014). The design of compassionate care . Journal of Clinical Nursing. Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Investigating the substantive aspect of construct A validity for the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children: A focus on cognitive processes. Social Indicators Research, 100, 37-69. Gadermann, A. M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Zumbo, B. D. (2009). Investigating A validity evidence of the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children. Social Indicators Research, 96, 229247. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil M, A. E., Montero-Marin J, L.-A. L., MMP., D. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1-9. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Eva Andrs, Montero-Marin, J., Lpez-Artal, L., Demarzo, a. M. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health Quarterly Life Outcomes, 12(4). Gilbert, P. . (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory,, 12(4), 507-516. Nef, K. D. (2015). The Self-Compassion Scale is a A valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion. Springer. NEFF, K. D. (2003). The Development and A validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Neff, K. D., Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trail of the mindful self-copmassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., Couyoumdjian, A. (2013). Dimensionality of Self-Compassion: translation and construct A validation of the Self-Compassion scale in an Italian sample. Journal of Mental Health, 23, 7277. Reise, S. P., Bonifary, W. E., Haviland, .. G. (2013). Scoring and model,ling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assesment, 95(2), 129-140. Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15-27. Voruz, S. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form among a help-seeking clinical sample . Pacific University.

Tragic flaw Essay Example

Tragic flaw Paper To what extent is the Summer Song sequence, sung by the narrator, a watershed in the play Blood Brothers? The three main themes of Willy Russells Blood Brothers are superstition, fate and class divides. These themes are overtly represented throughout the play. Because the play opens with a scene of the two dead boys there is a constant dramatic irony to all actions in the play; this inevitable tragedy undermines all the happiness in an ironic way. Near the start of the play, the deaths are only suggestions in the boys futures, but as the play develops the themes become more evident, eventually Summer Song is the turning point, the point of no return, the point where everything is as good as it gets. Russell gives the play a very clear and simple structure. The audience knows they are to sympathise with Mrs Johnstone. Not only is she a single mother, she is poor and working class too. Her character is the most developed and given more stage time and songs. Foreshadowing is a very important component of the plays structure. During the childrens game with toy guns, Mickey says, I dont want to die. He is subconsciously appealing to the devil to change his fate. We begin to pity Mickey because he is so defenceless and weak. The narrator creates tension and a feeling of inevitability by using phrases such as hes gonna find y' He is often depicted as Fate, appearing before and after important events, sometimes during, as if to pinpoint the moment, such as when Mrs Johnstone must swear on the bible that she will give away her baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His snide and often ironic comments about the mothers are generally ambiguous and could apply to either mother (An did y never hear of the mother so cruel. ) The audience is told to come to their own decisions about the mothers (come judge for yourselves. ) The narrator creates tension, always hovering in the background, almost omnipresent, even wearing funeral clothes. He is like a vulture circling above the twins, waiting for their inevitable deaths. His constant presence on stage and in the script keeps the ominous tones going. As they get older, he appears more often, worrying and reminding you that the twins death is coming closer. The Summer Song is when the boys pass the middle of their lives, the peak of the mountain, and begin to accelerate downwards with an unstoppable chain of events leading to their certain deaths. The boys envy each other, I wish I was a bit like That guy, and events occurring to either of them are usually echoed or mirrored by the other. As children, Mickey is seen as the lucky one in the game of life, while Edward seems destined to watch from the sidelines. However, after the Summer Song, once the boys are adults, there is no time for laughter, the game has ended, and Mickey can no longer play and must now work. Edwards lifestyle becomes the ideal, which angers Mickey. Blood Brothers is structured like a Greek tragedy, using death as a spectacle, one main plot and a sad ending. It has a clear time frame, songs and music and, most importantly, a tragic hero (Mickey), someone who falls from grace due to their tragic flaw. Most events are mirrored, for example the childrens game with toy guns(I shot y), to Sammys air rifle(he produces an air rifle), to the gun at the fair, to the gun Sammy uses to shoot someone(an explosion from the gun), to the gun Mickey kills Edward with (the gun explodes and blows Edward apart). Before the Summer Song the guns are either imaginary or toys, safe and harmless. However, afterwards, they are still used as freely as the pretend guns, but take real lives. References to Marilyn Monroe are constant. Like bright young things, like Marilyn Monroe. Dreams all night of girls that look like Marilyn Monroe. In the first song (Marilyn Monroe) Marilyn Monroe is a symbol of youth and beauty, but throughout she changes into one of tragedy, referring to her drug taking and consequential death, which coincides with Mickeys addiction to his anti-depressants. Sexier than Marilyn Monroe to off the rails, treats his ills with daily pills, he was dead, Like Marilyn Monroe The childrens game is echoed after the Summer Song. In the first half I got y, I shot y, An y bloody know I did, And in the second, You shot him, you shot him. I know I bloody did. This is a conversation between Mickey and Sammy, his older brother.

Political Aspects of the Classical Age of Greece

Political Aspects of the Classical Age of Greece This is a brief introduction to the Classical Age in Greece, a period that followed the Archaic Age and lasted through the creation of a Greek empire, by Alexander the Great. The Classical Age was characterized by most of the cultural wonders that we associate with ancient Greece. It corresponds with the period of the height of democracy, the flowering of Greek tragedy, and the architectural marvels at Athens. The Classical Age of Greece begins either with with the fall of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, son of Peisistratos/Pisistratus, in 510 B.C., or the Persian Wars, which the Greeks fought against the Persians in Greece and Asia Minor from 490-479 B.C. When you think of the movie 300, youre thinking of one of the battles fought during the Persian Wars. Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes, and the Rise of Democracy When the Greeks adopted democracy it wasnt an overnight affair or a question of throwing out monarchs. The process developed and changed over time. The Classical Age of Greece ends with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. Besides war and conquest, in the Classical period, the Greeks produced great literature, poetry, philosophy, drama, and art. This was the time when the genre of history was first established. It also produced the institution we know of as Athenian democracy. Alexander the Great Profile The Macedonians Philip and Alexander put an end to the power of the individual city-states at the same time they spread the culture of the Greeks all the way to the Indian Sea. Rise of Democracy One unique contribution of the Greeks, democracy lasted beyond the Classical period and had its roots in the earlier time, but it still characterized the Classical age. During the era before the Classical Age, in what is sometimes called the Archaic Age, Athens and Sparta had followed different paths. Sparta had two kings and an oligarchic government while Athens had instituted democracy. Etymology of Oligarchy oligos few arche rule Etymology of Democracy demos the people of a country krateo rule A Spartan woman had the right to own property, whereas, in Athens, she had few freedoms. In Sparta, men and women served the state; in Athens, they served the Oikos household/family. Etymology of Economy Economy oikos home nomos custom, usage, ordinance Men were trained in Sparta to be laconic warriors and in Athens to be public speakers. Persian Wars Despite an almost endless series of differences, the Hellenes from Sparta, Athens, and elsewhere fought together against the monarchical Persian Empire. In 479 they repelled the numerically mightier Persian force from the Greek mainland. Peloponnesian and Delian Alliances For the next few decades after the end of the Persian Wars, relations between the 2 major poleis city-states deteriorated. The Spartans, who had earlier been the unquestioned leaders of the Greeks, suspected Athens (a new naval power) of trying to take control of all of Greece. Most of the poleis on the Peloponnese allied with Sparta. Athens was at the head of the poleis in the Delian League. Its members were along the coast of the Aegean Sea and on islands in it. The Delian League initially had been formed against the Persian Empire, but finding it lucrative, Athens transformed it into its own empire. Pericles, the foremost statesman of Athens from 461-429, introduced payment for public offices so more of the population than just the rich could hold them. Pericles initiated the building of the Parthenon, which was supervised by the famed Athenian sculptor Pheidias. Drama and philosophy flourished. Peloponnesian War and Its Aftermath Tensions between the Peloponnesian and Delian alliances mounted. The Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 and lasted for 27 years. Pericles, along with many others, died of plague early in the war. Even after the end of the Peloponnesian War, which Athens lost, Thebes, Sparta, and Athens continued to take turns as the dominant Greek power. Instead of one of them becoming the clear leader, they dissipated their strength and fell prey to the empire-building Macedonian king Phillip II and his son Alexander the Great. Historians of the Archaic and Classical Period HerodotusPlutarchStraboPausaniasThucydidesDiodorus SiculusXenophonDemosthenesAeschinesNeposJustin Historians of the Period When Greece Was Dominated by the Macedonians DiodorusJustinThucydidesArrian fragments of Arrian found in PhotiusDemosthenesAeschinesPlutarch

The Top 14 Miracle on 34th Street Quotes

The Top 14 'Miracle on 34th Street' Quotes Do you remember the most memorable quotes from Miracle on 34th Street? If you grew up watching this  feel-good 1947 Christmas classic, as many people did, you no doubt have retained the basic plotline of the film. Or, you may be familiar with the 1994  theatrical remake. Edmund Gwenn stars, in an outstanding performance, as Kris Kringle- the benevolent Santa Claus. Christmas time, however, has become a commercial racket where shoppers try to get the best deals and stores outdo each other in attracting consumers. This movie spins that a bit and brings a whole lot of fun and entertainment. But, over time, the most touching  lines in the film may have escaped your memory, unless youre a particularly die-hard fan. Relive the film, and your childhood, with these Miracle on 34th Street quotes. Faith, Commercialism, and Santa on 34th Street Kris KringleOh, Christmas isnt just a day, its a frame of mind... and thats whats been changing. Thats why Im glad Im here, maybe I can do something about it. Fred GaileyLook Doris, someday youre going to find that your way of facing this realistic world just doesnt work. And when you do, dont overlook those lovely intangibles. Youll discover those are the only things that are worthwhile. Susan WalkerI believe... I believe... Its silly, but I believe. Susan WalkerIf youre really Santa Claus, you can get it for me. And if you cant, youre only a nice man with a white beard, like mother says. Fred GaileyAll my life Ive wondered something, and nows my chance to find out. Im going to find the answer to a question thats puzzled the world for centuries. Does Santa Claus sleep with his whiskers outside or in? Kris KringleNow wait a minute, Susie. Just because every child cant get his wish that doesnt mean there isnt a Santa Claus. Susan WalkerYou mean its like, If at first you dont succeed, try, try again. Kris KringleTo market, to market, to buy a fat pig! Home again, home again, jiggety-jig. To market, to market, to buy a fat hog! Home again, home again, jiggety... Doris WalkerFaith is believing in things when common sense tells you not to. Doris WalkerSusan, I speak French, but that does not make me Joan of Arc. Doris WalkerAnd by filling them full of fairy tales they grow up considering life a fantasy instead of reality. Mr. ShellhammerI just know that with that man on the throne my department will sell more toys than it ever has. I just feel it. AlfredThere is a lot of bad isms floating around this world and one of the worst is commercialism. Charles HalloranAll right, you go back and tell them that the New York State Supreme Court rules theres no Santa Claus. Its all over the papers. The kids read it and they dont hang up their stockings.

Difference in Work for Information Technology Management with Sarbanes Essay

Difference in Work for Information Technology Management with Sarbanes Oxley Act - Essay Example The major focus is on the role of the Information Technology managers and how they are responsible to reengineer and manage the business processes to implement the Sarbanes Oxley act, with the key issues that really need to be addressed by the managers to be successful in implementing the act. The Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) Information technology controls play a sound role in business and accounting. These controls are activities especially designed to ensure that organizations business objectives are met. These controls are majorly related to data integrity and availability with the IT functions management. Information Controls get importance in United States after the release of Sarbanes-Oxley act in July 2002. The act was passed in response to the business and accounting scandals of USA corporate firms. This act provided new standards to the corporate firms which explicitly define the laws which are mandatory to be followed when working with financial data, interactions in corporate cul ture and audit controls that assure the accuracy of financial statements. Compliance with the laws should not be discouraged; it should be handled parallel to other legislative laws with appropriate analysis. Sarbanes Oxley Act The act affects American corporate firms in terms of what the management should do to ensure the auditor’s are independent of their clients. ... ct After the implementation of Sarbanes Oxley a big change come which affected the corporate companies and its management financially and legally (Tricia Bisoux, July/August 2005). Under the Section 404 the senior management will be responsible for every pros or cons in the financial statements and audit reports (Sans Institute,2005). These acts were defined when American company Enron personnel’s refuses to accept the discrepancies in their company’s financial reports. As a result this legislation meant a lot to the companies of USA. Responsibility of Information Technology Managers Information Technology has become an integral part of every organization which ranges from small private organizations to big multi-national or corporate firms. They will surely need an Information Technology department with the efficient management who will be managing the business process alignment with the business objectives. To attain this goal Organizations Company hires senior manage ment in the IT, who will act as a sole responsible for the business objective. As Sarbanes Oxley focus majorly on the laws that has become the mandatory part for every public trade company, these IT Managers will be serving as the chief role in accomplishing the act. They will need to ensure the compliance of the every function with the established principles by the senior management. What the IT Managers are required to reengineer the business processes in parallel to the laws to implement the act effectively and in different way. Every process should ensure compliance of standards. In this regards the most significant role is being played by the Manager himself. To fully implement the Sarbanes Oxley law they need go for the change of senior management and board of director’s way of working and

The Dangers Of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Dangers Of Smoking - Essay Example Therefore, it will be the express intent of this author to focus upon the risk of cancer, breathing diseases, up to and including emphysema, and heart disease that smoking has been known to trigger. Moreover, the analysis will also consider the secondary health affects that smoking can visit upon the individual exposed to â€Å"secondhand† smoke or passive smoking. Through such an analysis, the far reaching and broad health impacts that smoking portends can readily be noted. Whereas many individuals are of the opinion that smoking is a dangerous process that threatens the overall health and well-being of the individual, the fact of the matter is that the overall scope of danger that smoking represents is much greater than most individuals realized. Accordingly, as a means of categorizing this danger and promoting a level of understanding with respect to the full range of damaging impact that smoking can have upon the individual, this brief analysis will consider and discuss th e litany of negative health impacts that smoking engenders. ... will make is one that I based on a logical framework of understanding the known risks which smoking provides to both the smoker and to those that inhale the second-hand smoke. Firstly, it must be understood that smoking accounts for nearly ? million deaths each and every year within the United States. This is a figure that is larger than the overall number of people that succumb to HIV/AIDS, illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle death, suicide, or murders combined. As such, the overall scope of the damage that smoking can have upon an individual is profound and affects their life in a number of different ways. Most obviously, high rates of lung cancer can almost entirely be attributed to smoking. Current estimates place this number from 80-90% of all lung cancer cases; depending upon what demographic and gender is measured. Regardless of the actual number, the statistics that have been provided show that smoking is invariably attributed to high rates of lung cancer and death. Yet, this statistic oftentimes confuses individuals who assume that lung cancer is the only means through which smoking can adversely impact upon the overall health of an individual. However, smoking also increases the chances of developed coronary heart disease by up to several times the normal rate. Moreover, a vast percentage of all deaths that are the result of chronic obstructive lung disease are normally caused by cancer. Yet, of all of the health impacts that can be felt, it is the health impact of cardiovascular disease that is the most overlooked. Due to the impact that nicotine has as well as the artery hardening properties of prolonged exposure to first or second hand cigarette smoke, the narrowing of blood vessels helps to put smokers at high risk for any type of blockage or

Deer hunting Essay Example for Free

Deer hunting Essay Today deer hunting is one of the most popular types of hunting in South Georgia. Although there are several ways to hunt deer, the two most frequently used are rifle hunting and bow hunting. Both are a great way to spend the day hunting, but there are a few differences between the styles. The cost of rifle hunting is significantly higher due to the equipment needed. Some rifles can cost as much as two thousand dollars. With some additions to the rifle, like scopes costing just as much as the rifle itself; some rifle packages can range over five thousand dollars. Ammunition is also a high cost in rifle hunting. Boxes of ammunition can range up to twenty five dollars and can not be reused. The cost of bow hunting is lower than rifle hunting due to the low cost of the equipment. Most bows range between five hundred to a thousand dollars. The arrows for the bow can be sometimes be more costly than ammunition if a high quality arrow is purchased. However unlike the rifle ammunition, the arrows can be reused many times before they start to lose their effectiveness. The rifle hunting season does not start right when deer season actually begins. The deer are still abundant, but you are not able to hunt the first few weeks of deer season. The woods are also crowded with hunters during rifle season since more hunters rifle hunt than bow hunt. Bow hunting season starts right when deer season starts and gives you the opportunity to beat the crowds to the woods. This is a great time of the season to really enjoy the hunt without having to worry about running into another hunter. Since the big deer seem to be more prevalent during the first few weeks of the season; you may have the chance to see that big buck that you always wanted to see. Using a rife does increase your accuracy and range. With the proper scope, the rifle can have up to five times the range of a bow. However, wind speed  down range can affect the path of the bullet. It can sometimes be hard to discern what the wind is doing three hundred yards away from you. However since the rifle is so powerful, your aim does not have to be perfect to kill the deer. Using a bow means decreased accuracy and range. Bows do not typically come with scopes, but with open sights. This means that you rely on your eyes to line up the cross hairs versus a scope doing it for you. Wind direction and speed has an impact on arrows also. However since the range is limited, you can judge by the wind around you. This means it is easier to adjust for the wind shifting. Since a bow is less powerful the accuracy of the shot has to be near perfect to make a kill. Using a rifle during hunting also requires less skill as a hunter. Since the accuracy is so high at long ranges, stealth is not as crucial. A small understanding of the deer’s natural habits is needed. Since you have distance on your side you don’t have to be concerned so much over whether or not the deer can smell you or not. Rifle hunting is also considered one of the easier types of deer hunting and is used a lot by beginners. Using a bow however requires a lot more skill as a hunter. Since the accuracy and range of the bow is limited, you find you have to be extremely close to the deer to make a shot. Camouflage and stealth are critical elements in achieving this. You also have to have a fair amount of knowledge about the deer itself. Since the deer can smell you at this range you have to understand how to avoid the deer getting your scent. Bow hunting is considered a little harder and is used by seasoned hunters. Rifle hunting and bow hunting both will make your day more enjoyable no matter which one you choose. Rifle hunting will give you the assurance of knowing you can kill your first deer. However bow hunting will give you the thrill of the hunt and make you long to come back the next day to get that one you missed. After all, that’s why they call it hunting.

Electronic File Sharing Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Electronic File Sharing Often times new technology enables completely new activities, discoveries, and ways of living, once not possible without that particular technology. An example of this would be the microscope and telescope, which now allow us to see things not possible before. Other times, new technology allows us to do things which we did before, but in a different way.1 A good example of this is electronic file sharing over the Internet. Unauthorized file sharing was possible before the Internet, but on a much smaller scale. One person might have physically borrowed a music cd from another person and made a copy. With the Internet, it became possible for a single person to share (more like distribute without authorization) with the whole world with ease. This has allowed for the much more significant financial damage to the parties being taken advantage of, in this case, the music industry. In my view, this is wrong. Unauthorized file sharing is bad for all parties, whether they know it o r not, and should not be allowed. There are a couple of technologies that have really helped facilitate electronic file sharing. The first one is the MP3 file format. MP3 is a file format (like JPEG, DOC) which is used to store audible data (songs). It is a file compression format that reduces the size of files by 10-12 times. This compression is very valuable in that it allows quicker transfer of songs over the Internet.2 The second one is peer-to-peer architecture. The main characteristic of a pure peer to peer architecture is that peers interact directly with other peers without any centralized servers. This is different from most web applications (like amazon.com), which are client-server architectures. In c... ...on Post, 24 Jan. 2004, . 15. David McGuire, A Winning Strategy on Internet Piracy?, 2004, Washington Post, 24 Jan. 2004, . 16. Santa Clara University, Chapter 6. Ethics, 3. 17. Santa Clara University, Chapter 6. Ethics, 3. 18. Santa Clara University, Chapter 6. Ethics, 3. 19. Santa Clara University, Chapter 6. Ethics, 3. 20. Santa Clara University, Chapter 6. Ethics, 3. 21. BBC, EMI Boss Defends Music Industry, 2003, BBC, 24 Jan. 2004, . 22. BBC, Strong Debut for iTunes for PCs, 2003, BBC, 24 Jan. 2004, .

Understanding Your Fats and Fiber

When people discuss diet and health there are many stigmas, one of them being that all fats are bad. While fats can be harmful if taken in excess, there are many different types of fats that make up this category. The fats that make up category are: saturated fats, unsaturated fats, trans-fatty acids and hydrogenated fats. Each of these fats are different and all play a role in your diet, some give much needed nutrients, while others have low nutritional value. One of the essential things that is given from fats in your food are the essential fatty acids or EFA; these are essential and important to take in from your food because the body is incapable of producing EFAs (â€Å"Fat Facts: Good Fats Vs. Bad Fats†, 2013). Fat also carries other necessary vitamins to include: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. According to Dr. Wahida Karmally, â€Å"Fat is also necessary for maintaining healthy skin, and it plays a central role in promoting proper eyesight and brain development in babies and children. However, fats can still pack on the bulge, at 9 calories per gram, of any type of fat, has more than twice the calories of carbohydrates and protein (â€Å"Fat Facts: Good Fats Vs. Bad Fats†, 2013). Diets that are high in saturated and Trans fatty acids are known to raise blood cholesterol and can produce artery clogging compounds. This blocks oxygen flow to the heart, as well as, to the brain. Both saturated and Trans fat are daily fats that you need to limit in your diet. Saturated fats can be found in meats, butter and ice cream; while Trans fats are found in things such as margarines and packaged foods. Trans fats are present in fatty meats and full-fat dairy foods (â€Å"Fat Facts: Good Fats Vs. Bad Fats†, 2013), most Trans fats are an end product of hydrogenation. Hydrogenation converts oil into a firmer, better tasting product and giving it a longer shelf life, in this process, some of the unsaturated fat in the oil becomes saturated (â€Å"Fat Facts: Good Fats Vs. Bad Fats†, 2013). Unsaturated or monounsaturated fats should be the dominate type of fat in a balanced diet (â€Å"Fat Facts: Good Fats Vs. Bad Fats†, 2013). Some of the foods that are high in monounsaturated fats can be: olive and canola oils, avocado, almonds and cashews. Simply put you should try to stay away from Trans fatty acids and saturated fats whenever possible. Though fats have a bad reputation they are not all bad and have some essential vitamins and nutrients that can only be retrieved from things such as meat and dairy. Unsaturated or monounsaturated fats are the most beneficial fats for you and are to be taken in place of the others when possible. By eating lean meats, different assorted nuts and things like avocado you can reduce the risk of clogged arteries and high blood cholesterol.

Mission Command Essay

It is the Army’s primary mission to organize, train, and equip forces to conduct prompt and sustained land combat operations (ADRP 6-0, 1-1). To accomplish its mission, the Army utilizes its concept of unified land operations. Unified Land Operations, applicable to all Army operations is the seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage. Such advantage provides a structure to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for a favorable conflict resolution (ADP 3-0, p. 9). Critical thinking becomes a vital role when decisive actions need to be executed where it is guided by mission command. Mission Command is the structure that enables commanders to exercise authority and direction. This structure is built on the commander’s intent, mission type orders and decentralized/centralized execution. Agile and adaptive leaders understanding the commander’s intent and context of the mission executed their objective. Commanders and Leaders at all levels apply critical and creative thinking to their understanding and decision making. The development of critical thinking skills has been imperative and a success for the Unites States Army. As the military entered into a new era of war fighting, critical thinking has become essential to help Army forces function effectively and accomplish missions within a mission command structure. Commanders and Leaders at all levels have adopted different decision-making practices. This research paper will present the role of critical thinking and how it facilitates understanding and support the different decision-making approaches in a mission command structure. Critical thinking and creative thinking is applied when commanders and leaders need to understand the mission and are drawn to make effective  decisions. â€Å"Critical thinking examines a problem in depth from multiple points of view (ADRP 6-0, 2-7).† Here, critical thinkers need to determine if there sufficient justification to accept the conclusion as true based on a given inference or argument. Critical thinkers need to be well informed in order to make judgments and decisions. â€Å"Critical thinkers are purposeful and reflective thinkers who apply judgment about what to believe or what to do in response to known facts, observations, experience, oral or written information sources, or arguments (ADRP 6-0, 2-7).† As mentioned creative thinking is also a key to the understanding and for an effective decision-making approach for commanders and leaders. â€Å"Creative thinking involves thinking in new, innovative ways while capitalizing on imagination, insight and n ovel ideas.† Whether we are faced with similar problems we encountered in the past, or faced with new ones; new and creative solutions can be applied. If we utilize the same solutions, an enemy will acknowledge, adapt and overcome the unchallenged solution. Creative thinking will lead to new insights, novel approaches, fresh perspectives, and new ways of understanding and conceiving things. Implementing critical thinking and creative thinking, commanders and leaders are able to better understand and support their decision-making approach. These Decisions are how commanders and leaders put their outcome into action. In order to reach a decision, the proper decision-making approach must be applied for the situation. Commanders or leaders will apply a systematic analytic decision-making or an intuitive decision-making approach. Different situations will dictate what approach will be suitable. Analytic Decisionmaking Analytic decisionmaking allows commanders and leaders to gather information from various sources that are provided to them as well as their own experiences if necessary. Once information has been obtained, several alternative solutions are then generated. These solutions, referred as options, will then be compared and evaluated until the best course of action has been decided. â€Å"It aims to produce the optimal solution by comparing options (ADRP 6-0, 2-8).† According to mission command, analytic decisionmaking is: Methodical and allows the breakdown of tasks into recognizable elements. Ensures commanders and leaders consider, analyze, and  evaluate relevant factors, employing techniques such as war-gaming. Provides a systematic approach when the decision involves processing large amounts of information. Helps resolve conflicts among courses of action. Gives inexperienced personnel a logically structured approach. Depending on the situation commanders and leaders are faced with, analytic decisionmaking can be applied. But, because there are often large amounts of information gathered that needs to be clearly evaluated before a decision can be made, it is time consuming. If the conditions of the mission change, such information will require a complete reevaluation, which can delay decisions. Where there are rapidly changing situations that require quick effective decisions, analytic decisionmaking will not apply. (ADRP 6-0, 2-9). Intuitive Decisionmaking Decisions made by using intuitive decisionmaking are determined based on knowledge, judgment, experience, education, intelligence, boldness, perception, and character. (ADRP 6-0, 2-47) Because it is based on these elements, unlike analytical decisionmaking, intuitive is a more rapid approach to making a quicker decision. Intuitive decisionmaking is often done at the lowest levels of command. According to mission command this approach: Focuses on assessment of the situation more than on comparing multiple options. Is effective when time is short. Relies on a commander’s experience and ability to recognize the key elements and implications of a particular problem or situation. Tends to focus on the larger picture more than the individual components. When there are rapid changing situations and decisions need to be made right away, commanders and leaders will apply intuitive decisionmaking approach. Commanders and leaders mix theses two approaches â€Å"to help them remain objective and make timely and effective decisions† (ADRP 6-0, 2-49). In a mission command structure, commanders and leaders avoid making decisions solely by intuition; they incorporate some analysis into their decisions. Decisions should not be rushed or over-thought. A wrong decision can be fatal if critical thinking and creative thinking skills are not used when  commanders and leaders need to make a decision thru an analytical or intuitive approach. In a mission command structure, commanders and leaders decisions are based on the mixture of analytic and intuitive decisionmaking. To facilitate in the decisionmaking, commanders and leaders need to apply his/her critical and creative thinking skills. These skills are imperative to help make well round decisions for any type of mission. If wrong decisions are formulated it can be fatal, becoming an advantage to the enemy. These decisions not only affect the outcome, but it affects the service members who carry out the mission. Our service members’ decisions on the field are influenced by the decisions made by the commanders and leaders. The development of these skills is instrumental for commanders and leaders at all levels. The development of critical thinking skills has become a paramount to the military. One of the key characteristics in the job description of a military leader is, decision-making. But with no such skills, full effective decisions will not exist. Critical thinking as well as creative thinking is imperative to the success of the United States Army and it has been incorporated into the Professional Military Education for leaders at all levels. â€Å"Critical thinking means the ability to construct and defend as argument using reason, applying intellectual standards and epistemic responsibility, and recognizing and countering logical fallacies as we see them in others and ourselves (Colonel Thomas M. Williams).† References Benson, Colonel Bill. (2012). The Evolution of Army Doctrine for Success in the 21st Century. Military Review: March/April2012. Vol 92 Issue 2, p2. Retrieved From http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_201206 30MC_art010.pdf Conley, Kathleen. (2013). Operationalizing Mission Command. Leveraging Theory to Achieve Capability. JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly 2013 1st Quarter. Issue 68, p32. Retrieved from http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-68/JFQ-68_32- 35_Conley.pdf Department of the Army Headquarters. (2011). Unified Land Operations. Army Doctrine Publication 3-0. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/adp3_0.pdf Department of the Army Headquarters. (2012). Mission Command. Army Doctrine Release Publication 6-0. Retrieved from https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html Sharpe Jr., James D.; Creviston, Thomas E. (2013). Understanding Mission Command. Army Sustainment; July-September 2013. Vol. 45 Issue 4, p10. Retrieved from http://www.army.mil/article/106872 William, Colonel Thomas M. U.S. Army Reserve. (2013). Education for Critical Thinking. Military Review. Retrieved from http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130228_art011.pdf Appendix Annotated Bibliography Benson, Colonel Bill. (2012). The Evolution of Army Doctrine for Success in the 21st Century. Military Review; March/April2012, Vol.92 Issue 2, p2. Retrieved From http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_201206 30MC_art010.pdf This article discusses the U.S. Army doctrine from the early 21st century. It provides the history and the evolution of the Army doctrine. It describes the publication â€Å"AirLand Battle† that was published in 1982, the transition of the doctrine in the 1990’s, through the publication of â€Å"Unified Land Operations† in 2011. It describes unified land operations the â€Å"seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative to gain and maintain a position of advantage provides a battlefield framework and logic that nests unified land operations within the joint operational construct of unified action and provides a structure that allows commanders to effectively and accurately describe their intent in time, space, purpose, and priority, which are guided by Mission Command. Conley, Kathleen. (2013). Operationalizing Mission Command. Leveraging Theory to Achieve Capability. JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly; 2013 1st Quarter, Issue 68, p32. Retrieved from http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/jfq-68/JFQ-68_32- 35_Conley.pdf This article is the result of the Mission Command White Paper published by General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. It illustrates communication at all levels within military groups for better understanding and effective completion of missions. Mission Command will take on a more dynamic approach, developing ever greater adaptability, critical thinking and independent rapid decision-making. The principles of Mission Command are being currently being utilized in combat and other activities by many leaders and organizations. HeadQuarters, Department of the Army. (2011). Unified Land Operations. Army Doctrine Publication 3-0. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/adp3_0.pdf This is an Army Doctrine Publication the presents the Army on guidance and direction for conducting operations on land, and provides the foundation for developing other principles, tactics, and techniques. The introduction included is a brief description of what the Army calls Unified Land Operations; applicable to all Army operations is the seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage. Such advantage provides a structure to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for a favorable conflict resolution (ADP 3-0, p. 9). In order to create favorable conflict resolution there needs to be a decision making and understanding of the mission. With Unified Land Operations, critical thinking becomes a vital role when decisive actions need to be executed where it is guided by mission command. HeadQuarters, Department of the Army. (2012). Mission Command. Army Doctrine Release Publication 6-0. Retrieved from https://armypubs.us.army.mil/doctrine/index.html This is an Army Doctrine publication that establishes guidance on command, control, and the mission command war- fighting function. This army doctrine guides the Army forces to function effectively and accomplish missions. Mission Command is broken down into three categories. For this research paper, the focus will be on the understanding and decision-making for commanders and staff through critical thinking. The development of critical thinking skills has been imperative and a success for the Unites States Army. As the military entered into a new era of war fighting, critical thinking has become essential to help Army forces function effectively and accomplish missions within a mission command structure. Commanders and Leaders at all levels have adopted different decision-making practices. Sharpe Jr., James D.; Creviston, Thomas E. (2013). Understanding Mission Command. Army Sustainment; July-September 2013, Vol. 45 Issue 4, p10. Retrieved from http://www.army.mil/article/106872 This article focuses on the background of mission command of the U.S. Army. It states the mission command is a warfighting function and the philosophy of the Army’s command described within the revision of Army Doctrine Publication 6-0, Mission Command. It discusses mission command history; trust in the doctrine of mission command, and decentralized execution.

Brave New World Conformity Essay Research Paper Example

Brave New World Conformity Essay Research Paper Example Brave New World Conformity Essay Paper Brave New World Conformity Essay Paper Essay Topic: Brave New World In Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World. Huxley creates a futuristic universe governed by conformance and entry to society. Citizens of this World State are conditioned to follow a set life style determined at birth in order to make a stable civilisation. However. there is still some signifier of individualism in each individual. specifically in the characters Bernard. Lenina. and Linda. Within each of these characters. their difference in personality does non suit the norms of society. and they hence try to stamp down their ain traits with alone methods such as haoma. In times of unhappiness and desperation. Bernard. Lenina. and Linda each give up a portion of their ain individualism and political orientation. lodging to the conventions of the World State society which accordingly adds to their battle of seeking to suit in with the remainder of the universe. Looking at Bernard. his physical visual aspect sets him apart from being a normal Alpha: â€Å"Bernard’s build was barely better than that of the mean Gamma† ( 64 ) . Along with his physical visual aspect. Bernard besides has the capableness to believe otherwise than most citizens of the World State. apparent on his day of the month with Lenina when he remarks about the sea: â€Å"It makes me experience as though. . as though I were more of me. . . Not merely a cell in the societal body† ( 90 ) . However. despite his different physical and personality traits. he doesn’t exert his differences that would dispute the World State. For illustration. he strives to desire to be like Helmholtz. â€Å"wishing. . . that he could hold every bit many misss as Helmholtz did. † alternatively of encompassing himself for who he is ; Bernard continually falls into conformance and attempts to follow an order than is non compatible with whom he is. Alternatively of researching and oppugning the universe around him. he takes haoma as his signifier of suppression to seek to work out his jobs of suiting into society. When Bernard gets humiliated in forepart of the Arch-Community Songster. he chooses to take haoma which merely delays his job further and makes his status worst: â€Å"The poisoning of success had evaporated ; he was gravely his old ego. . . the old ego seemed unprecedentedly heavier than the environing atmosphere† ( 178 ) . By puting aside his personal traits. he becomes another conformist to the conventions of World State. Similarly. Lenina possesses mental features that do non suit into the World State. Lenina tends to be in a relationship with merely one cat. instead than traveling out with many cats as conditioned by the World State. Once John comes to see the World State. Lenina instantly falls in love with him and can non halt believing about him. exposing human emotions that citizens should non hold in the World State. Her human emotions are evident during the eventide when she waits for John to come out for the Arch-Community Songster: â€Å" . . . she sat in a corner. cut off from those who surrounded her by an emotion which they did non portion. . . † ( 173 ) . From her personality. Lenina is fit for a love that involves emotion and connexion. but Lenina decides to stay by her society and chooses to hold a love surrounding by blind sex and no feelings. Through this determination. she conforms to the norm. actively lending to the conditions of her society antonym of her true ego. She goes farther to take haoma after John does non demo up for Bernard’s presentation. which. similar to Bernard’s haoma hole. merely prolongs her job: â€Å"But in the intervals I still like him. I shall ever wish him† ( 188 ) . Through her use of haoma. she follows the methods of the World State. throwing off her individualism and doing herself more hurt and struggle with her love personal businesss. Finally. Linda has alone features due to her life spent in the Savage Reservation and giving birth to her boy John. Linda. despite being conditioned to be horrified at the thought of holding a babe. still loves her boy John. This is evident when John negotiations about his childhood experiences with Bernard. depicting the clip Linda was crushing up John: â€Å"He opened his eyes once more and saw that she was looking at him. He tried to smile at her. Suddenly she put her weaponries round him and kisses him once more and again† ( 127 ) . Since Linda has an emotional fond regard to John. she has a personality different from the other citizens of the World State Society. However. despite the motherly connexion that she could hold continued with John. she chooses to sell her life to the drug haoma. When Lenina lays deceasing in the infirmary with John following to her. she unconsciously chooses her life of sex and haoma she used to hold over John: â€Å"She knew him for John. her boy. but fancied him an interloper into that paradisal Malpais where she had been passing her soma-holiday with Pope† ( 205 ) . In the really terminal. Linda suppresses her emotional love for John with haoma and goes back to the rules and pleasantries of the World State Society. Bernard. Lenina. and Linda all have alone features that set them apart from the regular citizens of the World State Society. However. all three of them have unwittingly fallen into the conformances of the state’s maladaptive regulations. sooner taking to emanate the state’s values that do non suit their ain features. The World State’s guidelines and ordinances pull all the citizens of the World State. including Bernard. Lenina. and Linda. into one life style of life through a Domino consequence of conformance: the more people that conform. the more harder it is to defy the impulse to conform with them. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World shows the annihilating effects of conformance – a force that strips off your single potency and individuality.

Writing the Specification For A Utility Patent

Writing the Specification For A Utility Patent Introduction Requirements Patent specifications are not written at a laypersons level of understanding, they are written at an experts level of understanding. In addition, they are ways to write things based on legal interpretation that can give you the best patent protection. Writing the specification for a utility patent requires both technical and legal skill. paper format Formatting and Numbering The Pages All the pages of the specification including claims and abstract, have to be numbered consecutively, starting with 1. This does not apply to the transmittal letter sheets or other forms.The page numbers should be centrally located preferably below the text.The text lines of the specification must be 1.5 or double spaced (lines of other text not comprising the specification need not be 1.5 or double spaced).Include an indentation at the beginning of each new paragraph, and number the paragraphs starting at (0001 etc.). Section Headings TITLE OF INVENTIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSSTATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTREFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM, LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIXBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONBRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONCLAIM OR CLAIMSABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSUREDRAWINGS (When Necessary)OATH OR DECLARATIONSEQUENCE LISTING (When Necessary) Next Detailed Instructions For Each Section Heading Do you want to know what the Patent office does after you file your patent application, or what you might have to do after they receive it? See Examination of Patent Applications. TITLE OF INVENTION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS application data sheet STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM, LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX If a computer program listing is to be submitted and is over 300 lines long (each line of up to 72 characters), the computer program listing must be submitted on a compact disc compliant with rule 1.96, and the specification must contain a reference to the computer program listing appendix. A computer program listing of 300 or less lines may similarly be submitted on compact disc. The computer program listing on compact disc will not be printed with any patent or patent application publication. If a gene sequence listing is to be submitted, the sequence may be submitted on a compact disc in compliance with laws 1.821, 1.822, 1.823, 1.824, and 1.825, instead of submission on paper, and the specification must contain a reference to the gene sequence listing on compact disc. If a table of data is to be submitted, and such table would occupy more than 50 pages if submitted on paper, the table can be submitted on a compact disc compliant with rule 1.58, and the specification must contain a reference to the table on compact disc. The data in the table must properly align visually with the associated rows and columns. Next Background of Invention, Summary, Drawing Views, Detailed Description The description, together with the claims forms the bulk of your patent application. It is here that you give a full account of your invention. The description begins with background information relevant to the invention and describes the invention in increasing levels of detail. One of your goals in writing the description is to compose it so that someone skilled in your field would be able to reproduce it just from reading your description and looking at the drawings. Reference Material Tips on Writing the Description BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This section should also contain a description of information known to you, including references to specific documents, which are related to your invention. It should contain, if applicable, references to specific problems involved in the prior art (or state of technology) which your invention is drawn toward. In the past, this section may have been titled DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART or DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It is required that the description be sufficient so that any person of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, science, or area could make and use the invention without extensive experimentation. The best mode contemplated by you of carrying out your invention must be set forth in the description. Each element in the drawings should be mentioned in the description. This section has often, in the past, been titled DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT. Next Claims, Abstract CLAIMS The claim or claims must particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which you regard as the invention. The claims define the scope of the protection of the patent. Whether a patent will be granted is determined, in large measure, by the choice of wording of the claims. One Claim Is Required For Filing The claims section must begin with the statement, What I claim as my invention is... or I (We) claim... followed by the statement of what you regard as your invention. One or more claims may be presented in dependent form, referring back to and further limiting another claim or claims in the same application. All dependent claims should be grouped together with the claim or claims to which they refer to the extent practicable. Any dependent claim that refers to more than one other claim (a multiple dependent claim) shall refer to such other claims in the alternative only. Each claim should be a single sentence, and where a claim sets forth a number of elements or steps, each element or step of the claim should be separated by a line indentation. In Claims Every Word Is Important The fee required to be submitted with a nonprovisional utility patent application is, in part, determined by the number of claims, independent claims, and dependent claims. Reference Material Tips on Writing Patent ClaimsPatent Rules About Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The purpose of the abstract is to enable the USPTO and the public to determine quickly the nature of the technical disclosures of your invention. The abstract points out what is new in the art to which your invention pertains. It should be in narrative form and generally limited to a single paragraph, and it must begin on a separate page. An abstract should not be longer than 150 words. Reference Material Tips on Writing a Patent Application Abstract Next Drawings, Oath, Sequence Listing, Mailing Receipt DRAWINGS (when necessary) A patent application is required to contain drawings if drawings are necessary for the understanding of the subject matter sought to be patented. The drawings must show every feature of the invention as specified in the claims. Omission of drawings may cause an application to be considered incomplete. If you need to create patent drawings use our Guide to Patent Drawings. OATH OR DECLARATION, SIGNATURE PTO/SB/01 without application data sheetPTO/SB/01A for combination with an application data sheetPTO/SB/02 for additional inventors Providing a correspondence address will help to ensure prompt delivery of all notices, official letters, and other communications. In addition, a shortened declaration can be used when you also file an Application Data Sheet. The oath or declaration must be signed by all of the actual inventors. An oath may be administered by any person within the United States, or by a diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign country, who is authorized by the United States to administer oaths. A declaration does not require any witness or person to administer or verify its signing. Thus, use of a declaration is preferable. A full first and last name with middle initial or name, if any, of each inventor are required. The mailing address and citizenship of each inventor are also required if an application data sheet is not used. SEQUENCE LISTING (when necessary) You must prepare this section, for the disclosure of a nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence, with a listing of the sequence that complies with the following patent rules: 1.821, 1.822, 1.823, 1.824, and 1.825, and may be in paper or electronic form. Obtaining A Receipt For Mailed Patent Application Documents See - Obtaining a Receipt for Documents Mailed to USPTO Next Creating Patent Drawings For A Utility Patent