Globalization Globalisation Of Capital Punishment

Globalization portfolio Globalization of Capital punishment History of Capital Punishment Capital punishment, death penalty or execution is punishment by death. The sentence that someone be punished in this manner is the death sentence. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. Capital punishment has in the past been practiced by most societies as a punishment for criminals and political or religious dissidents. Historically the carrying out of the death sentence was often accompanied by torture and executions were most often public. 36 countries actively practice capital punishment, 103 countries have competently abolished it for all crimes, 6 have abolished it for ordinary crimes only while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes and 50 have abolished it and not used it in ten years. Nearly all countries in the world prohibit the execution of individuals who were under the age of eighteen at the time of their crimes, since 2009 only Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan have carried out such executions, Executions of this kind is prohibited under international law. Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in various states and countries, and positions can vary within a single politicians ideology or cultural region. As far back as the ancient laws of China, the death penalty has been established as a punishment for crimes. In the 18th century BC, the code of King Hammurabi of BabylonShow MoreRelatedCultural and Economic Globalization1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe important texts in every different time period arose from different composer’s ways of thinking and pose a lasting significance on society. These themes arise uniquely in an array of texts including Shamus Heaney’s poems Digging, Punishment and Funeral Rites , Sofia Coppola’s film Lost in translation, Eat Pray love written by Elizabeth Gilbert and in the 2011 Television series Off The Map directed by Jenna Bans. The values explored in these texts are fundamentally linked to the religious, philosophicalRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Welfare State4694 Words   |  19 Pages(2005) describes globalization that is expand of business firms and business concerns across international borders. Today, the global r elations can be seen in market, technology, communications, law, culture and values. As companies significantly remark their markets to involve wide surround of the globe, transfrontier flows of capital, technology and trade have boomed ( Spar et al., 2005). When the effects of globalization on the welfare state mentions, it can be said that globalization has a terribleRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Middle East Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagesthe role the phenomenon of Globalization plays in the violent and non-violent conflict seen in the Middle East over the past decade and a half. Globalization has seen itself affect almost every aspect of human interaction; both domestic and internationally, over the past decade. From the information hub of the Internet, to instantaneous communication across the globe, travel speed and range dramatically increased and the integration of international finance, Globalization has affected the world inRead MoreWhat Do You Understand by the Term Globalization3109 Words   |  13 Pagesthe term globalization? Why has interest in globalization intensified in recent years? Introduction If searching on Google website and type the word Globalization, just 0.22 second you will receive a substantial number of nearly 24 million results. This shows that globalization is a word being most mentioned in our world today. Globalization has been defined with numerous and widely differing meanings dating back to 1870 as economic integration through trade, migration, capital flowsRead MoreGlobalization And Workers Developing Countries2349 Words   |  10 Pages Globalization and Workers in Developing Countries Table of Content Introduction 2 Part 1: Does globalization harm workers’ interests in developing countries? 3 Condition of Sweatshop Workers in Developing Countries 3 Average Wages and Hours 4 Job Destruction and Job Creation 4 Unemployment 5 Child Labour 5 Working Conditions, safety and security issues 5 Benefits of Globalization in the Labour Market 6 Part 2: Suggestions for overcoming sweatshops in developing countries: 6 TradeRead MoreInternational Law and Border Control2146 Words   |  9 Pages there have been arguments that sovereignty is being loosened by globalization. According to Saskia Sassen, sovereignty has been affected by globalization and it has been accompanied by the creation of new legal regimes and practices. Sassen also include that there is a growing consensus in the community of states to lift border controls for the flow of capital, information, and services and, more broadly, to further globalization. In relation to international migration, Khalid Koser states thatRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity of Bretton Woods’s Institutions. Which of These Institutions Would You Recommend to Be Discontinued? Justify Your Choice.3727 Words   |  15 Pagessystem after WWII, 730 delegates of the 44 allied nations met in New Hampshire, United States, to form the Bretton Woods agreement. The aim was to set up rules and regulations to stabilize the global monetary system and ensure the free movement of capital goods through a global market. The agreement established two regulatory institutions, firstly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to control the exchange rates and bridge temporary imbalances of payment. Secondly, the International Bank of ReconstructionRead MoreChinas Emerging Financial Markets Challenges and Global Impact4063 Words   |  17 Pagescontext of this essay it is important to define innovation and globalisation as these two words hav e helped to shape the Chinese smartphone industry, turning China into a serious competitive player in this growing industry. Innovation is defined as â€Å"the process of making changes to something established by introducing something new that adds value to customers and contributes to the knowledge store of the organization† Whilst Globalisation in the context of innovation is defined as â€Å"the increased internationalRead MoreAdidas - Market Entry in Indonesia5422 Words   |  22 PagesRepublic of Indonesia in 1945, each island remains distinctive in terms of culture, society and even looks. Today approximately 50 percent of Indonesians are located on the island of Java, which is also the fiscal focal point of Indonesia with its capital Jakarta. Today as much as 65 percent of Indonesia’s population still inhabit the rural areas. The uneven distribution of the population yields in a growing independence of each distinct society trying to establish and cultivate their own culture.Read MoreImproving Social Compliance in Bangladeshs Ready-Made Garment Industry9150 Words   |  37 Pageshours, they have to stay behind and work without pay. Regular two hours overtime is compulsory, and if any one refuses to work him or she is dismissed, terminated, has wages deducted or receives verbal harassment, sometimes escalating into physical punishment. Furthermore the factory management rarely informs workers in advance if they have overtime; it is only announced at the end of the working day (Priyo, 2010). Workers don’t receive any notice of overtime. In some of the factories, workers are forced

Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment Free Essays

string(51) " the Earth is affecting by the green house effect\." The place that our expedition is going to take is in the region of Norway called Svalbard. To get there we have to take a boat from Norway port and bring our equipments ready for the cold environment. The average temperature is around 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and -12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in winter. We will write a custom essay sample on Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Equipments I need to bring on the expedition are: A parka is essential in cold weather. It insulates the heat even at a -47 degree Celsius. It is waterproof so the melted snow couldn’t get in to your body. Insulator trousers are used to keep our legs warm. It is water proof with fleece lining to keep the heat in because the temperature is really low there. Fleece jumper is essential in this harsh weather condition. It keeps our body temperature in which is great. A woolly jumper is also good to keep heat in. I use this jumper as a spare in case the fleece gets dirty. A long sleeve shirt is to be worn before the jumper to keep me extra warm. Tracksuit bottoms with fleece lining are ideal to put on first before the thermal trousers. It will keep me extra warm. These are essential accessories for parts of our body like hands, neck and head. This faux fur hat keeps most of my body temperature in because the heat is loss through our head. Earmuffs are good to keep my ears warm; scarf is great to prevent coldness to enter my body. Waterproof gloves are used to keep my hands warm and prevent melted ice to get through the material. Thermal socks are there to keep my feet warm and these water proof boots are useful to walk through snow and uneven land. They have thick rubber soles to prevent slipping and provide good friction. Map and compasses are the must have. They will help me to find my way back if I get lost. Water is good because it stop me from being dehydrated. Dry food is ideal in this weather as it is easy to cook and quick. Swiss knives are useful because you never know when you need it. I will need it to open a can or defend myself when I get attacked by a bear. Task 2: Glacier retreat project A: Find maps and photographs of Glaciers on Spitsbergen 1: Label the features you can see 2: How did glacier form and move? 1. Snow is collected over millions of years. The snow flake compressed and fused together, squeezing air and moistures out to create one solid ice block. With the pressure of more snow the firn will eventually over years become glacier ice. 2. Glacier is like a mighty river of ice. It is capable of doing what a river can do such as flow and change in flow rate. In ice, the flow rate is faster in the centre than at the edges and quicker on the surface than at the bottom because the gravity pulls the weigh there greater. That is why some glacier surge forwards than the other. 3. When ice moves it picks up rocks on the way therefore the rock make good cutting tools such as erosion. Erosion by plucking and abrasion make the hollow deeper and bigger. * Plucking is when rocks and stones froze to the bottom of the glacier and being plucked up by the movements of the glacier. * Abrasion happens when the materials rubbed against the bedrock at the bottom and sides of the glacier. They were being pulled down by gravity. This also causes wearing to the landscape. Fine grained debris polishes the bedrock called glacial polish. 4. Some of this debris is deposited at the edge of the corrie, as a moraine, building up the lip. This combined process creates a rounded shape, with a steep back wall, and an armchair shape characteristic of a corrie. 5. When the ice melts, a lake is left in the corrie. This is called a tarn. 3: Why do you think that many people might find them both interesting and enjoyable to look at? I think people find it interesting to look at the glacier because they can find answers to their wonders of how landscape form. It is amazing to see the nature is so powerful which can move and change the land. They can also do some sporting activities such as camping and sledge riding. Furthermore they can compare the difference between places which are affected by glacier retreated and see how much ice have melted. They might find it interesting because they can see how the climate is changing and some responsibilities are down to human. B: Look at the map on page 11 and other evidence that shows how glaciers have retreated on Spitsbergen 1: Using the picture above, the time scale that retreating of glacier has been measured is 103 years. Since 1900 and up until 2003, the resources tell me that the glacier has moved 3 miles from 1983 to 2003. I measure the scale and worked out that 3mile is equivalent to 1 cm. Therefore I can say that from 1900 to 2003, the glacier has moved 16 miles and in the present time, there is a great possibility of it moving further than 16 miles. 2: The ice moves at the rate of 241 metres every year from 1983 to 2003. The map shows the glacier melted the most in 1983 to 2003, the gap between 1900 to 1916 is smaller therefore I can say that less ice receded then. The amount of precipitation on this island is very little; causing ice on Svalbard accumulates snow very slowly. This affects the way the ice movements. 3: The evidence of glacier retreating appears to match with the theory of global warming because the ice is melting very fast as the year goes on. It is because the Earth is affecting by the green house effect. You read "Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment" in category "Papers" This means that heat and CO2 gas are being trapped in the atmosphere instead of leaving the Earth. They insulate the heat which causing ice to melt. The pollution is increasing which makes the ice melt faster as well. The â€Å"albedo effect† has an important role in climate change. It is used to describe what material can reflect sunlight. The higher the albedo the greater it can reflects the sunlight. The higher the Earth’s albedo, the more solar radiation will reflect and the Earth will heat up less. White is a good colour which doesn’t absorb the heat. If the ice melts, there will be more heat being trapped and will lead to more global warming because dark colour material t ends to absorb heat than the lighter colour. 4: What the likely effects on melting glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands? Think about salinity, exposure to erosion and changes in the land/sea level. Salinity: amount of salt dissolved in water. Melting glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands effects on a lot of things such as the Thermohaline, living things like polar bear and climate not only on the island but also UK and other countries. Ocean water never rest which means it moves constantly. The complicated patterns are influence by wind, the water’s salinity and heat content, bottom of the ocean’s structure and the Earth’s rotation. One of the biggest oceans current is the Gulf Stream. It transports 150 millions cubic metres per second of warm water from the Gulf of North Mexico across the Atlantic to Svalbard. On the way it mixes with water from other current, exchanging qualities of salinity, temperature, plants and animal. When warm Gulf Stream collides with the cold Atlantic current, it causes the seawater to become extremely dense. It is because warm water has higher mass due to the heat and salty water is heavier than fresh water. The warm water sinks and exporting towards south but some will continue towards Svalbard. When it reaches South Atlantic, it moves east to join the current flows to Indian Ocean and the rest move to Pacific Ocean. There it will heat up and repeat the same cycle. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more, there will be an increase in sea level as well as more fresh water will be added in to the ocean. This fresh water will move down south and affect the Gulf Stream because it will get colder and less salty; this also upset the process of Thermohaline. If the Gulf Stream slow down or shut down completely the climate in Britain would be colder. It would be like Moscow which is on the same latitude. This is called Rapid Climate Change. Britain is warmer than Moscow due to the warm current. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more polar bear will have no where to live and reproduce because these bears rely on ice. They can not swim well enough to catch seals or fish. It will results in shortage of food and could lead to distinction. If the ice in Svalbard melts even more the land will expose more because the glacier would disappear. This will have an impact on people and tourism on this island. The unique site and land on this island will change dramatically. C. Read the Glacial meltdown information sheet. 1: The problem in suggest the reason why the glacier melts because of global warming is that it is not the only reason why. They blame it on human because we consume a lot of fossil fuel can produce toxic gas that harms the environment. Yes they are right partly, but even before we begin to us fossil foil, glacier already started to retreat. This is normal for them. They have different opinions and views but they need to know both side of the evidence. Furthermore, global warming doesn’t occur in a short amount of time. It is measured over a long period and find out the changes in pattern of the temperature, ocean life, etc†¦ 2: It is important to know who produce and interpret the evidence of global warming because they could be bias and have different views of the global warming. Some time they can exaggerate. It is good to know all the evidence that global warming caused by human and nature. This statement from Greenpeace is saying that the cause of global warming that makes ice melt is due to human activity such as burning fossil fuels in cars, aeroplane, bus, etc†¦They exaggerated it even though parts of it is down to human activity. The climate change is measured over many years, decades even centuries. Climate change doesn’t happen that quickly. This evidence suggests that one of the reasons why glacier retreated faster is because some ice surges forward than the other. This is normal and is due to nature and not human activities. Task 3: Climate change and effects on the food chain A: Find out about phytoplankton that grows in Arctic waters. Phytoplankton – Microscopic plants and plant-like organisms found in massive quantities in the sea. They are known as ‘the ocean’s grass’. Algae bloom – A plankton bloom also known as algal bloom, is simply an area where phytoplankton (algae) reproduce very fast that you may find many thousand plant cells per litre of water. The chlorophyll in these plants colour the water green. Zooplankton – Microscopic animals and animal-like organisms found in the sea. 1: Just like any normal plant, phytoplankton needs light, warmth, nutrients, carbon dioxide and water in order to grow and reproduce. The condition and environment around it has to achieve some of the requirements for algae to grow. 2: The Ocean’s bottom contains decaying plants and animals which carry nutrients; they are being brought to the surface by currents. Algae bloom occurs when the Sun comes out like in spring because plants need sunlight to develop healthily and gives it the colour green. The phytoplanktons also use the nutrients to produce; this leads to algae bloom as well as the bloom of zooplankton because they have more food to eat. The light and warmth control the multiplication of algae. In winter it is harder for this specie to grow. 3: The growth of phytoplankton is very important to the Arctic food chain because they are the producer. They are food to zooplanktons which they are eaten by fish. Small fishes like Arctic cod are eaten by other predators such as polar bears, whales, seabirds and other fish. If there are less of them then the population of other consumers and predator can decreased. B: Look at page 12 in the High Arctic book. Look at the maps and other information about the growing conditions for plants on land in the Svalbard Islands and the Arctic in general. CAFF stands for The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. 1:  Land surface: the Arctic tundra made of flat and low land surface. The further north you go the higher the land due to some mountains. The further up north, the land is usually covers in snow and only a few plants can survive, like in Spitsbergen. Plants on land only cover just over 5% of the surface and home to 165 species of plants on Svalbard. Low land and mountain tundra’s vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra. The ecological boundary region between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line. There are likely no trees and no bushes. Taiga is described to be home to many living organism. Boreal forest refers to the southern part of this biomass. Northern taiga has small-leaves trees like birch, alder, willow and aspen. Nearly all the trees in this kind of forest are fir trees. They grow for just a few weeks and have tough leaves to survive frost, wind and snow. Whereas in southern also known as middle boreal. Trees grow bigger and home to many animals like red squirrel. The further south you go the more trees will grow and more living things are able to survive. Soil: mountain tundra has permanent frozen soil. But judging in the pictures the soil is quite fertile as there are living things growing on it. Snow buttercups, lichens etc†¦ are able to grow and reproduce on this soil. It is moist from the melted snow. Plants can not grow on the glacier because it is too cold to it to survive. Temperature: plants on Spitsbergen can grow at temperature as low as -5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Plants like dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens can survive at this temperature. The temperature increases as you go further south because it is nearer to the sun. the temperature raises after the snow melts so the plants can start growing. Precipitation: the mountain tundra gets less rain than the other part of this Arctic because it is colder and dryer. Places like the taiga have more precipitation because the trees need rain in order to grow big. There are more moisture in the air there than the area around glacier. Growing season: The map shows the length of time that plants need to grow. So in spring, the mountain tundra will have 80 days to grow. These plants are short whereas the middle boreal will have 160 days of growing season because the plants are tall and have loads of leaves. The further south you go the longer the growing season. Colourful wildflowers bloom from the end of June to the end of July. They have to adapt to this every short season. 2. Describe the main characteristics of plants that are found on the land. It is hard for plants to grow in the Arctic. Once the snow melts, the growing season is going to be short. Despite getting the most sunshine in summer, but the harsh weather condition have made the plants adapted to their environment such as Arctic tundra. They have distinctive characteristics such as being small, grow close together and close to the ground. This protects them from the cold temperatures and the strong winds. Some flowering plants covered in fine hair like the Arctic crocus to provide protection from the wind. Flowering plants use all the sunlight they can to produce flowers at very fast speed because they knew growing season is very short. Some plants have cup shaped flowers that face up to the sun, so they can get the sunlight shines directly at the centre of the flower that’s why they are so bright. However, other plants have dark colour because they can absorb more heat. Some plants have small roots because only the top layer of the soil thaw and they have small leaves to retain moisture. Because of the short growing season, most tundra plants are perennials and they do not die in the winter. Other living organisms like lichens and mosses can survive on bare rock. They are very short. 3: Plants can be said to be part of a â€Å"fragile† environment is because they can be easily damaged. For example, tracks from a passing vehicle will tear up the fragile insulating tundra, allowing the soil to thaw into scars that may remain for hundreds of years therefore the surface layer is vulnerable to environmental damage. There are also other factors that could stop plants from growing such as colder temperature and shorter growing season. Plants there have already adapted to that low temperature, if it gets any lower there is a likely chance they will not survive. Furthermore, if the sun is not giving them enough sunlight, they wouldn’t be able to grow healthily. C: Look at the Arctic food chain on page 13 in the High Arctic book. 1: The Arctic food chain consists of many animals, sea animals, land and sky. The most important producers start in the sea like the phytoplankton. They are food to the zooplankton and from that fishes consume them. Fishes are important because many animals rely and live on them such as seals, killer whales, birds, polar bear etc†¦ Birds like the kittiwake fed on fishes and they are food to Arctic foxes. If it wasn’t for the sea animals, the land animals wouldn’t be able to survive because they have nothing to eat. The sea environment keeps the food chain balance by providing the right amount food at the right time. Like when a female polar bear gave birth to her cub in December, the algae would bloom after December and make food for the polar bear. Numbers of birds are more than number of fishes. If the fishes do not multiply then it could cause a fall in number of animals. Numbers of whales are shortening due to whale hunting by human and animals. The food chain has interlinking which means a specie consumes more than one type of food. This increases the chance of getting something to eat than some other living organisms. 2: If the ice melts, the number of seals will decrease because they will have no where to mate and rest which will lead to the falling in polar bear’s population. However, the number of fishes will increase and population of birds and foxes. It is because they will have fewer predators and more food to eat. Killer whales will be relying on squids and other fishes instead having them as well as seals. Their population will decrease but not greatly. In the future, seals might be hunted for their skin or their fat or it could be the melting of ice which will leave them homeless. 4: After the coal mining industry closed in the 1980s the future of Longyearbyen, a city in Svalbard seems to have no hope. The economy went down hill because there was not enough income and the population was decreasing. The Norwegian government decided that it would create new business opportunities on Svalbard. One of the main activities to be developed was tourism. Svalbard is a very beautiful wilderness, with many rare living organisms, and it’s also a part of the Arctic that is easily accessible by plane. Because of the Gulf Stream, the temperature is not as cold compared to other places on the same Northern latitude. Longyearbyen received 25,000 tourists every year and they arrive by plane and another 25,000 visit on a cruise ship. They bring a lot of income to the town by using the facilities such as hotels, going on excursions, buying souvenirs, etc†¦. It’s important that the government carefully manage the wilderness so that tourists can still enjoy coming here in the future because the view and places here are exclusive to Svalbard. It is advised not to use modern transport to go around on this island. Tourists can take the aeroplane or cruise ships but if they want to explore this land more it is best to only go with dogs, or on foot, or by skiing. One of the reasons they believe using those environmental friendly transport is because tourist come here from big city to find peace and quite. Silence is a valuable commodity today. If they raced around on snowmobiles, then people wouldn’t want to come as much. In addition, motorised vehicles cause damage to the environment. They produce more C02 and destroy landscape. The Government of Norway has set a goal of trying to make Svalbard one of the best managed wildernesses in the world. To achieve this they have put a lot of regulations into force, including the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act. The purpose of this Act is to preserve a virtually untouched environment in Svalbard. Littering is forbidden, you can not pick a flower or even move a stone on the beach. How to cite Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment, Papers

Reliability of 26 item Self Compassion Scale †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability of 26 item Self-Compassion Scale. Answer: Introduction The 26 item Self-Compassionate scale is psychological tool for assessing and measuring compassion. It focusses on psychometric properties of the responded where the individual responds to asset of 26n questions that are answered based on a scale of 1-5. Compassion is an element that is measured about an individuals reaction to others(Baer, Lykins, Peters, 2002). This means being open to and moved by others suffering and the desire to ease this suffering. This is mostly used in clinical settings where health practitioners are supposed to have a level of compassion to patients that they serve (Neff, 2003). This will entail three basic components; extended kindness to others, seeing others experiences as part of the larger human experience and lastly balancing the other persons pain rather than over-identifying with the pain that they experience. Self-Compassion is said to transform negative self-affect into a positive self-affect with psychological benefits associated with high self-e steem. Studies on the Self-Compassion scale have elicited different reactions on whether the components on the scale are A valid or not. However, the 26-item compassionate scale is a guide which has been used by many practitioners to design a scale that can be used to measure compassion(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). This has led to the question of whether the scale meets all the required measures or needs to be reviewed. This report is a critical review of the Self-Compassionate scale based on previous studies on the tool. This has raised several issues on the A validity of the scale. Validity and reliability Self-Compassion is a construct drawn from the Buddhist tradition, describing. Compassion for oneself. As compassion is characterized by understanding, acceptance, and forgiveness extended to others (McKay Fanning, 1992), Self-Compassion entails the same attributes of compassion turned inward(NEFF, 2003). According to Garcia-Campayo, et al. (2014) the Self-Compassion Scale is the only tool that is used to measure and self-report Self-Compassion. This scale focuses on the mindfulness of the practitioner through exercising a quality of consciousness that is non-judgmental and present centered. Self-Compassion as encompassing self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness in opposition to self-judgment isolation, and over-identification(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). As such, the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) contains all of these aspects as separate yet related subscales. While most individuals may relate to the notion of compassion and empathy towards others, affording the same kind of t reatment towards oneself may be more novel. The construct of Self-Compassion regarding individual, relational, and physiological functioning is an exciting development in psychology. The tool is supposed to be designed across three different and related facets of mindfulness, common humanity and self-kindness. Further, there are six sub-scales that represent negative and positive facets for each scale that is measured in the three above. This means that the measures are based on the perceived responses towards themselves about the situations that others are in. Self-Compassion scales are designed differently in different countries. The SCS measure of compassion is A valid since is tis designed based on the confirmatory factor analyses to ensure that the scale items fit the models that are used for the study. The six factors listed above can be used in understanding the subscales within the study. When the factors in the scales are correlated with research findings, it has been reported that the factors can be interpreted and controlled according to the needs of the researcher(Gadermann, Schonert-Reichl, Zumbo, 2009). Internal validity and reliability of the SCS scale has been highly reported in several studies that have been tested by researchers. There are high correlation results between different studies that have varied out in separate studies. One of the measures that has been seen to be consistent is the difference in compassion levels among different groups in the population. Research and SCS studies have indicated that undergraduate and community adults have lower SCS scores as compared to those who pr actice Buddhism(Neff Germer, 2013). Further, convergent A validity in different measures that have been carried out based on therapist rating of Self-Compassion individuals who were using a single item had and the results that were displayed after being introduced to the new tools. A valid interpretation of the SCS scores has been highly debated on whether the measures can be validly interpreted. Through the bi-factor model, the individual factors that form the group factors can be modeled for a better understanding of the results. The association of overall factors of Self-Compassion allow for essay measurement of the factors through using the omega index to estimate the percentages of variance in the items. Thus A validity of the measures is achieved through optimal model, estimates that result from omega factor analysis(Reise, Bonifary, Haviland, 2013) The factor structure of the Self-Compassionate Scale has been designed in such a way that both negative and positive factors of the scale can be included. The dynamic balance between compassionate versus uncompassionate ways that individuals emotionally respond to pain and failure (with kindness or judgment), cognitively understand their predicament (as part of the human experience or as isolating), and pay attention to suffering (in a mindful or over-identified manner). The Self-Compassionate scale is based on generalized factors that are used across different populations. Different studies on the factors have yielded mixed results in higher-order factors of the scale. Studies in Chinese and Portuguese clinical students showed different results as compared to those from Germany and Italy. Researchers have questioned the ability of such findings to be generalized across different populations. This is because there are cultural factors that may shape reactions and compassion levels of the student. This led some researcher concluding that the Self-Compassion scale works better in measuring six components of Self-Compassion rather than measuring the real construct of Self-Compassion(Nef, 2015). This means that there are challenges in getting an overall Self-Compassion score and interpreting its validity. Approaches like the psychometric approach model, were designed to assess the multidisciplinary nature of psychological measures. These measures have re vealed that when the SCS is used with the bi-factor model,, the individual responses are impacted thus giving different scores. Studies on compassion using the SCS scale have revealed that compassion can be described in several ways. The six elements used in measuring compassion reveal that compassion is a complex construct that includes other elements like emotion, perceptiveness, sensitivity to suffering, understanding, distress tolerance and nonjudgmental attitudes(Strauss, et al., 2016). This therefore reveals that compassion is both trait and state like and thus can be measured a cross a continuum of tests using SCS. Through assigning questionnaires on an ordinal scale, compassion can be measured using a set of questions that evaluate the responses of the reader according to questions that are organization along the three psychological components. Researchers can analyses and measure compassion levels in individuals without and analyze it statistically using available tools for the research. Gilbert (2004) suggests that oone of the strengths of the SCS tool is its ability to compliment other psychological measures in research. The tool has been applied together with other psychometric tools that have been used to measure different aspects of life. Measures like self-esteem, understanding, kindness and other virtues have been measured using different scales. SCS allows researchers to carry out research and compare results from different studies. Since the measures allow for gathering of quantitative data, it becomes easy for the data gathered from different studies to be correlated and compared to determine the A validity of the data. One of the measures of validity in research is the ability of a research to be consistent with previous studies. Some studies have shown different confirmatory factor analysis results have revealed different findings. One study by Garcia-Campayo , Navarro-Gil M, Montero-Marin J, Demarzo (2014) reported higher confirmatory in students while the other by Petrocchi, Ottaviani, Couyoumdjian, (2013) replicated the six factor structure but failed to report evidence on higher-order factor among community samples. These studies suggest that it is difficult to sum the six factors together into an overall Self-Compassion score. This tests reveal convergent validity which gives results that relate to measures of self-esteem and rumination. This has also been reported in different reports of compassion that have been seen among different social groups like Buddhists who report higher compassion rates based on demographic differences. Further, arguments against the test have suggested that the psychometric properties of the tool were designed using measures that are fit for college students. This means that applying the test to different populations may not yield accurate results (Voruz, 2013). There are different factors like age, gender and even demographic characteristics that may affect the reliability of data. This social factors affect the nature of responses received thus making reliability of the data used in the scale less reliable. Any scale of measurement should have a way to avoid biases that may affect reliability of the data collected from the study. Since the SCS tool is designed as a single tool to be used in the profession, reliability id highly compromised. Further,, each of the positive and negative factors formulated in the scale lead to separate factors that are different from each other rather than one common factor. One of the limitations of using the tool is its lack of the primary definition of compassion. Primary levels of compassion are not measured under the normal measures of compassion thus not taking care of all the factors of compassion (Brown, 2006). At the individual level, compassion measures may reveal different results since they are not in certain situations. Therefore, the results in a clinical setting should be treated as a validly true since the levels that individuals score will vary from one way to another. Further, human being have social bonds that affect their compassion levels. This means that measures that are taken will vary depending on the individual setting(Crawford, Brown, Kvangarsnes, Gilbert, 2014). In the presence of a family member or friend, the levels of compassion may be higher as compared to the case of professional settings. There is need to find a common ground on how both settings can be integrated to improve measures of A validity. Conclusion The psychometric abilities of the scale have been highly criticized due to the use of the overall Self-Compassion score. Scholars have indicated that the scale cannot be A validly used to measure and arrive on a Self-Compassion score using different factors. This is but there are six elements that fall within the each of the three levels of measurement. The questions used for the scores have been weighted differently leading to the question of whether the overall score that is given by the results reveals the required information(Gadermann, Guhn, Zumbo, 2010). When the questions are weighted differently on different elements of the scale then it becomes challenging to measure the effects of each question on the overall score. Further, the elements are only three but compassion is affected by other factors which have not been accommodated in the scale. This leaves gaps in the overall score since the factors do not give the differences in the scores. References Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., Peters, J. R. (2002). Mindfulness and Self-Compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched non-meditators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 230238. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press. Costa, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2013). Experiential avoidance and Self-Compassion in chronic pain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 15781591. Crawford, P., Brown, B., Kvangarsnes, M., Gilbert, P. (2014). The design of compassionate care . Journal of Clinical Nursing. Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Investigating the substantive aspect of construct A validity for the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children: A focus on cognitive processes. Social Indicators Research, 100, 37-69. Gadermann, A. M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Zumbo, B. D. (2009). Investigating A validity evidence of the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children. Social Indicators Research, 96, 229247. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil M, A. E., Montero-Marin J, L.-A. L., MMP., D. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1-9. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Eva Andrs, Montero-Marin, J., Lpez-Artal, L., Demarzo, a. M. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health Quarterly Life Outcomes, 12(4). Gilbert, P. . (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory,, 12(4), 507-516. Nef, K. D. (2015). The Self-Compassion Scale is a A valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion. Springer. NEFF, K. D. (2003). The Development and A validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Neff, K. D., Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trail of the mindful self-copmassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., Couyoumdjian, A. (2013). Dimensionality of Self-Compassion: translation and construct A validation of the Self-Compassion scale in an Italian sample. Journal of Mental Health, 23, 7277. Reise, S. P., Bonifary, W. E., Haviland, .. G. (2013). Scoring and model,ling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assesment, 95(2), 129-140. Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15-27. Voruz, S. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form among a help-seeking clinical sample . Pacific University.

Tragic flaw Essay Example

Tragic flaw Paper To what extent is the Summer Song sequence, sung by the narrator, a watershed in the play Blood Brothers? The three main themes of Willy Russells Blood Brothers are superstition, fate and class divides. These themes are overtly represented throughout the play. Because the play opens with a scene of the two dead boys there is a constant dramatic irony to all actions in the play; this inevitable tragedy undermines all the happiness in an ironic way. Near the start of the play, the deaths are only suggestions in the boys futures, but as the play develops the themes become more evident, eventually Summer Song is the turning point, the point of no return, the point where everything is as good as it gets. Russell gives the play a very clear and simple structure. The audience knows they are to sympathise with Mrs Johnstone. Not only is she a single mother, she is poor and working class too. Her character is the most developed and given more stage time and songs. Foreshadowing is a very important component of the plays structure. During the childrens game with toy guns, Mickey says, I dont want to die. He is subconsciously appealing to the devil to change his fate. We begin to pity Mickey because he is so defenceless and weak. The narrator creates tension and a feeling of inevitability by using phrases such as hes gonna find y' He is often depicted as Fate, appearing before and after important events, sometimes during, as if to pinpoint the moment, such as when Mrs Johnstone must swear on the bible that she will give away her baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tragic flaw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His snide and often ironic comments about the mothers are generally ambiguous and could apply to either mother (An did y never hear of the mother so cruel. ) The audience is told to come to their own decisions about the mothers (come judge for yourselves. ) The narrator creates tension, always hovering in the background, almost omnipresent, even wearing funeral clothes. He is like a vulture circling above the twins, waiting for their inevitable deaths. His constant presence on stage and in the script keeps the ominous tones going. As they get older, he appears more often, worrying and reminding you that the twins death is coming closer. The Summer Song is when the boys pass the middle of their lives, the peak of the mountain, and begin to accelerate downwards with an unstoppable chain of events leading to their certain deaths. The boys envy each other, I wish I was a bit like That guy, and events occurring to either of them are usually echoed or mirrored by the other. As children, Mickey is seen as the lucky one in the game of life, while Edward seems destined to watch from the sidelines. However, after the Summer Song, once the boys are adults, there is no time for laughter, the game has ended, and Mickey can no longer play and must now work. Edwards lifestyle becomes the ideal, which angers Mickey. Blood Brothers is structured like a Greek tragedy, using death as a spectacle, one main plot and a sad ending. It has a clear time frame, songs and music and, most importantly, a tragic hero (Mickey), someone who falls from grace due to their tragic flaw. Most events are mirrored, for example the childrens game with toy guns(I shot y), to Sammys air rifle(he produces an air rifle), to the gun at the fair, to the gun Sammy uses to shoot someone(an explosion from the gun), to the gun Mickey kills Edward with (the gun explodes and blows Edward apart). Before the Summer Song the guns are either imaginary or toys, safe and harmless. However, afterwards, they are still used as freely as the pretend guns, but take real lives. References to Marilyn Monroe are constant. Like bright young things, like Marilyn Monroe. Dreams all night of girls that look like Marilyn Monroe. In the first song (Marilyn Monroe) Marilyn Monroe is a symbol of youth and beauty, but throughout she changes into one of tragedy, referring to her drug taking and consequential death, which coincides with Mickeys addiction to his anti-depressants. Sexier than Marilyn Monroe to off the rails, treats his ills with daily pills, he was dead, Like Marilyn Monroe The childrens game is echoed after the Summer Song. In the first half I got y, I shot y, An y bloody know I did, And in the second, You shot him, you shot him. I know I bloody did. This is a conversation between Mickey and Sammy, his older brother.